Father Baraga's Timeline | Father Baraga And The Ojibwe Natives

Chronologie des Jésuites

Le père Baraga a succédé aux Jésuites qui l'avaient précédé. Connus des Ojibwés sous le nom de « robes noires » (makate-wikwanaie), leurs légendes se transmettaient de génération en génération bien avant l'arrivée du père Baraga parmi eux.

Les Ojibwés et les Outaouais faisaient partie de la nation algonquine, dont le territoire s'étendait du golfe du Saint-Laurent jusqu'au lac Supérieur. Les célèbres Jésuites, vêtus de robes noires, étaient connus dans toute la région et œuvraient de concert avec les nations iroquoise et algonquine pour instaurer la paix. Cette page examine les événements survenus durant la période des Jésuites, en lien avec la situation de la nation algonquine.

Les Jésuites

Événements algonquins

XVIe siècle

1517

31 octobre : Début de la Réforme de l'Église catholique

1540

La Compagnie de Jésus fut fondée par Ignace de Loyola. Ce fut le début de l'Ordre des Jésuites.

1545

Le début de la période de la Contre-Réforme dans l'Église catholique.

1562 - 1598

Guerres de Religion en France

1501

L'explorateur portugais Gaspar Corte-Real découvre Terre-Neuve, où vivent les peuples Mi'kmaq et Ojibwés.

1502-1503

De plus en plus d'explorateurs arrivent du Portugal à Terre-Neuve.

1504

Des pêcheries sont établies dans le coin nord-est des États-Unis et le poisson et la baleine sont commercialisés en Europe.

1534

14 juillet : Des commerçants Mi'kmaq Ojibwés voyageant dans quarante ou cinquante canoës accueillent l'explorateur français Jacques Cartier à l'entrée nord de la baie des Chaleurs.
22 juillet : Les Iroquois de Stadacona rencontrent Jacques Cartier dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent. Les marins français leur offrent des perles de verre, des peignes, des couteaux et d'autres marchandises.
Jacques Courtier planta la croix au nom du roi pour établir la Nouvelle-France.

1535

Juillet : Les Ojibwés algonquiens, les Iroquois hurons et les Ojibwés montagnais rencontrent Jacques Cartier, qui revient avec trois navires et explore le Saint-Laurent. Il aperçoit les villages stadaconas d’Ajoaste, de Starnatum, de Tailla et de Sitadin, sur la rive nord.
Septembre : Jacques Cartier est accueilli par les Iroquois de Stadocona. Il poursuit ses explorations jusqu’à la ville d’Hochelaga.
Novembre : Jacques Cartier revient à Stadacona.
Jacques Cartier navigue dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent, où vivent les Mi'qmacs, peuple algonquin. Les villages qu'il traverse s'appellent Montréal et Québec.

années 1600

1632

French court decreed that the Jesuit order would take control of all missionary work among the natives of New France.

1635

Isaac Jogues (Jesuit Priest) arrived to labor amongst the Huron Iroquois in the Georgian Bay

1641

Father Rene Menard makes his first journey through Ojibway territory to the Georgian Bay

1642

Isaac Jogues (Jesuit Priest) departed for Quebec on official business as a result of the Jesuit Superior. He was accompanies by Rene Goupil (surgeon) and Guillaume Couture (Carpenter) and a group of Hurons. As they entered the Saint Lawrence river, they were ambushed by a group of forty Mohawks. Most of the Hurons were killed and the Frenchmen were taken prisoner to Lake Ontario. Couture was adoped, Goupil was slain and Jogues was tortured and then enslaved. Jogues was saved by the Dutch, brought back to France and recovered.

1642

Isaac Jogues (Jesuit Priest) departed for Quebec on official business as a result of the Jesuit Superior. He was accompanies by Rene Goupil (surgeon) and Guillaume Couture (Carpenter) and a group of Hurons. As they entered the Saint Lawrence river, they were ambushed by a group of forty Mohawks. Most of the Hurons were killed and the Frenchmen were taken prisoner to Lake Ontario. Couture was adoped, Goupil was slain and Jogues was tortured and then enslaved. Jogues was saved by the Dutch, brought back to France and recovered.

1644

Isaac Jogues went back to Newfoundland/New France

1645

July: The Iroquois requested the missionaries after they had concluded a peace treaty with the French. Father Isaac Jogues established a mission called "The Mission of Martyrs".

1656

Father Rene Menard makes his second journey through to Lake Ontario

1660

Father Rene Menard makes his third journey through to Lake Superior
L'Anse French Mission established near Keweenaw Bay, Michigan

1661

July 13: Father Rene Menard leaves Keweenaw bay
Father Rene Menard ends up parishing in the woods. He is not found again.

1663

Lac des Deux Montagnes French Mission established near Oka, Quebec, Canada.

1665

St. Esprit French Mission established near Chequamegon Bay, Wisconsin. These are the missionaries that the Ojibway people met prior to Father Baraga's arrival.

1668

Ste. Marie French Mission established near Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan

1669

St. Francois Xavier French Mission established near Green Bay, Wisconsin.
St. Jacques French Mission established near Berlin, Wisconsin

1671

The Huron and Ottawa at St. Esprit French Mission on Chequamegon Bay, Wisconsin fled from the Dakota natives and settled at present St. Ignace, Michigan. During the next two decades several thousand Indians representing many tribes gathered every summer at this location called Michilimackinac for inter-tribal ceremonies and trade.

1671

St. Ignatius & St. Francis de Borgia French Missions established near St. Ignace, Michigan.
St. Xavier French Mission established near De Pere, Wisconsin

1672

Father Claude Dablon made a map of Lake Superior
Father Dreuillettes labors at Sault. Ste. Marie

1603

Samuel de Champlain began fur trade business in Quebec, Canada

1608

French Explorer Samuel de Champlain founded the first permanent French establishment at Quebec.

1609

Beginning of the Beaver Wars (Iroquois Wars or French and Iroquois Wars) began for economic dominance in Saint Lawrence River region. The Iroquois were pitted again the Algonquins and their French allies.

1615

Joseph Le Caron - brought by Samuel de Champlain to Lake Huron from Quebec

1632

Samuel de Champlain made first map of Great Lakes including Lake Superior

1641

Iroquois Wars began which involved the French, Ojibway natives and Iroquois natives

1645

July: The Iroquois concluded a peace treaty with the French, Hurons and Algonquins.

années 1700

1738

Grey Suns a été fondée à Montréal, au Québec, au Canada.

1759

La répression des Jésuites commence, entraînant, pour des raisons politiques, l'expulsion de tous les membres de l'ordre jésuite de la plupart des pays d'Europe occidentale et de leurs colonies.

1773

La suppression des Jésuites fut approuvée par le Saint-Siège sous le pape Clément XIV.

1701

Ending of the Beaver Wars (Iroquois Wars)
Great Peace of Montreal was set forth which brought a peace treaty between New France and 39 First Nations of North America.

1720

The French Trading Era began in the Great Lakes Region. Trading was again in full-swing with Europe.

1760

British occupied former French posts following a victory over the French in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This changed the trading patterns for the Ojibway people who now had to trade with the British

1783

Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolutionary War. The British crown ceded most of its territory east of the Mississippi River to the United States

1784

North West and Mackinac fur companies formed at Montreal for trading in the region of the Upper Great Lakes

1787

September 17: The Declaration of Independence was signed

1789

George Washington became First President of the United States

1792

John Johnston built a fur-trade post on Chequamegon Bay which is near Madeline Island, Wisconsin

1797

Father Baraga was born - Go to Father Baraga's Timeline to see the transitions happening in the region.